Abstract
Dengue, caused by infection of any of four dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4), is a mosquito-borne disease of major public health concern associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and economic cost, particularly in developing countries. Dengue incidence has increased 30-fold in the last 50 years and over 50% of the world’s population, in more than 100 countries, live in areas at risk of DENV infection. We reviews DENV biology, epidemiology, transmission dynamics including circulating serotypes and genotypes, the immune response, the pathogenesis of the disease as well as updated diagnostic methods, treatments, vector control and vaccine developments.
Highlights
Arboviruses are a taxonomically diverse group of viruses that are unique in their transmission between arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts
dengue virus (DENV)-3 lineage replacements were identified in Thailand [80,81] and DENV-4 lineage replacement occurred in Puerto Rico during the 1980s and 1990s [82]
A new lineage of the DENV-2 Cosmopolitan genotype was identified in a 2011 outbreak in eastern India, with this lineage associated with increased severe dengue incidence [70]
Summary
Arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) are a taxonomically diverse group of viruses that are unique in their transmission between arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts. They are classified according to antigenic relationships, morphology, and replicative mechanisms. The first four viruses belong to the Flavivirus genus while CHIKV belongs to the Alphavirus genus. Among these viruses, DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV are considered the most epidemiologically important viruses globally [5,6]. DENV infection may result in a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, from a mild flu-like syndrome, referred to as dengue fever (DF), to the potentially life-threatening dengue shock syndrome (DSS). We review DENV biology; current epidemiology and transmission characteristics including circulating serotypes and genotypes; DENV-specific immune responses; disease pathogenesis; updated diagnostic methods; treatments and vaccine development
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