Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) induce and regulate adaptive immunity through migrating and maturing in the kidney. In this procedure, they can adopt different phenotypes—rejection-associated DCs promote acute or chronic injury renal grafts while tolerogenic DCs suppress the overwhelmed inflammation preventing damage to renal functionality. All the subsets interact with effector T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) stimulated by the ischemia–reperfusion procedure, although the classification corresponding to different effects remains controversial. Thus, in this review, we discuss the origin, maturation, and pathological effects of DCs in the kidney. Then we summarize the roles of divergent DCs in renal transplantation: taking both positive and negative stages in ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI), switching phenotypes to induce acute or chronic rejection, and orchestrating surface markers for allograft tolerance via alterations in metabolism. In conclusion, we prospect that multidimensional transcriptomic analysis will revolute researches on renal transplantation by addressing the elusive mononuclear phagocyte classification and providing a holistic view of DC ontogeny and subpopulations.
Highlights
In all tissues, Dendritic cells (DCs) function in a network of mononuclear phagocytes with many innate immune cells taking center stage [1]
We summarize the major roles of kidney DCs in three major aspects of renal transplantation, including ischemic injury when grafts are removed from the donors, rejection including acute and chronic process, and tolerance including induced or natural genic tolerance
DCreg + B7-CD28 costimulation blocking agent cytotoxic T-lymphocyteassociated antigen immunoglobin, 7 days before renal transplantation and for up to 8 weeks increasing content of CD4+CD25 +Foxp3+Tregs and up-regulated secretion of Th2 cytokines Graft median survival time prolongation as well as IL-17 production attenuation combined with no circulating anti-donor antibody Tolerogenic DC-mediated tolerance with or without cytotoxic T-lymphocyteassociated antigen activation
Summary
DCs function in a network of mononuclear phagocytes with many innate immune cells taking center stage [1]. In renal transplantation, cDC2 will not be killed by cytotoxic T cells but can induce B cells to respond through helper T cells, which may be the mechanism of antibody-mediated immune rejection [68].
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