Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) have shown great potential as a component or target in the landscape of cancer immunotherapy. Different in vivo and ex vivo strategies of DC vaccine generation with different outcomes have been proposed. Numerous clinical trials have demonstrated their efficacy and safety in cancer patients. However, there is no consensus regarding which DC-based vaccine generation method is preferable. A problem of result comparison between trials in which different DC-loading or -targeting approaches have been applied remains. The employment of different DC generation and maturation methods, antigens and administration routes from trial to trial also limits the objective comparison of DC vaccines. In the present review, we discuss different methods of DC vaccine generation. We conclude that standardized trial designs, treatment settings and outcome assessment criteria will help to determine which DC vaccine generation approach should be applied in certain cancer cases. This will result in a reduction in alternatives in the selection of preferable DC-based vaccine tactics in patient. Moreover, it has become clear that the application of a DC vaccine alone is not sufficient and combination immunotherapy with recent advances, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, should be employed to achieve a better clinical response and outcome.
Highlights
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that possess some functions which distinguish them from other APCs
The received autologous mature DCs can be of ex vivo DC cultivation were developed, ex vivo strategies of antigen delivery administered After backmethods to the patient, resulting in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) priming
Despite the unspecific expression of Fc receptors (FcRs) on DCs, but given their ability to induce a broad range of immune responses, FcRs are included with DC receptors for antigen uptake as rational targets for cancer antigen delivery to DCs
Summary
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that possess some functions which distinguish them from other APCs. Dendritic cells, being a kind of “scavenger”, non- uptake self- and non-self-antigens and subject them to processing, resulting in the presentation of epitopes from processed proteins in complex with MHC class I and II on their cell surface In respect to this model, it has become clear that CTLs and Th1 cells are the resulting effector cells of the adaptive anticancer immune response. We present a brief description of of the proposed strategies are quite different in methodology The outcome of this situation in vivo and exAll vivo approaches of antigen delivery to DCs and their activation, with a discussion of is that each approach results in a different efficacy at different resource intensiveness. We present a brief description of in vivo and ex vivo approaches of antigen delivery to DCs and their activation, with a discussion
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