Dendritic cells during Staphylococcus aureus infection: subsets and roles.

Xuejie Wu,Feng Xu

doi:10.1186/s12967-014-0358-z

Abstract

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. DCs orient the immune responses by modulating the balance between protective immunity to pathogens and tolerance to self-antigens. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common member of human skin microbiota and can cause severe infections with significant morbidity and mortality. Protective immunity to pathogens by DCs is required for clearance of S. aureus. DCs sense the presence of the staphylococcal components using pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and then orchestrate immune systems to resolve infections. This review summarizes the possible roles of DCs, in particular their Toll-like receptors (TLRs) involved in S. aureus infection and strategies by which the pathogen affects activation and function of DCs.

Highlights

Dendritic cells (DCs) were first identified by Steinman and colleagues in the early 1970s
Upon antigen uptake and exposure to appropriate proinflammatory signals or cellular stress, DCs generally migrate from the tissue to secondary lymphoid organs and differentiate into mature DCs which are characterized by upregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II, adhesins and costimulatory molecules
Wash fluid from atopic dermatitis (AD) lesions with secondary S. aureus infection induced DCs to secrete proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in a MyD88-dependent manner. Production of these cytokines strongly correlated with wash fluidcontained lipoteichoic acid (LTA) which is a known microbial ligand derived from S. aureus for TLR2 activation [88,89]

Summary

Introduction

Dendritic cells (DCs) were first identified by Steinman and colleagues in the early 1970s. CDCs express TLR 1-8 and 10, and can be activated by various bacterial products [27,28]. After being activated by TLR ligands or agonists, cDCs secrete several cytokines important in immune responses, such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α [22,51].

Results

Conclusion