Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the professional antigen-presenting cells that recognize and present antigens to naïve T cells to induce antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Among the T-cell subsets, T helper type 2 (Th2) cells produce the humoral immune responses required for protection against helminthic disease by activating B cells. DCs induce a Th2 immune response at a certain immune environment. Basophil, eosinophil, mast cells, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells also induce Th2 immunity. However, in the case of DCs, controversy remains regarding which subsets of DCs induce Th2 immunity, which genes in DCs are directly or indirectly involved in inducing Th2 immunity, and the detailed mechanisms underlying induction, regulation, or maintenance of the DC-mediated Th2 immunity against allergic environments and parasite infection. A recent study has shown that a genetic defect in DCs causes an enhanced Th2 immunity leading to severe atopic dermatitis. We summarize the Th2 immune-inducing DC subsets, the genetic and environmental factors involved in DC-mediated Th2 immunity, and current therapeutic approaches for Th2-mediated immune disorders. This review is to provide an improved understanding of DC-mediated Th2 immunity and Th1/Th2 immune balancing, leading to control over their adverse consequences.
Highlights
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play an important role in immune defense by activating the adaptive immune system
Most environmental factors or variables drive the immune system to determine the fate of DC-mediated T cell responses, i.e., whether Th1 or Th2 immune responses are elicited in the body
This review described the current understandings of the Th2 immunity induced by specific DC subsets, especially the cDC2s, and their roles in determining the specific pathways that drive and determine the Th1 versus Th2 immune responses
Summary
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play an important role in immune defense by activating the adaptive immune system. Environmental factors include pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites), foods, and allergens (house dust mites (HDMs), pollens, etc.), whereas genetic factors include the specific genes of DCs essential for induction of Th2 immunity. Other factors, such as hormones and lipids, affect Th2 immunity, but details on these subjects are beyond the scope of this review. Sacthicemdaiatigc rdaiamgrfaomr ftohrethcerocsross-sp-rperseseennttaattiioonnmmaachcihnienreyroyf oDfCDs.CDsC.sDtaCkes utapkeexturapceelxlutlraarcellular antigen,anptrigoecne,spsriotcetossaitnttoigaenntiigcenpiecppteipdteidse, sa, nanddpprreesseenntt tthheesesepeppetpidteisdnesotnoontlyownliythwMiHthCMII HthCrouIIghthrough the MIIC to CD4+ T cells (left), and with MHC I through proteasome and the TAP/ER pathway to CD8+ T cells (right)
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