Abstract
Air pollution is the culprit to yearly millions of deaths worldwide, deteriorating human health. What is not yet clear is the impact of environmental factors on susceptibility to getting infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The study aimed to determine associations between air quality, meteorological factors, and COVID-19 cases in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Air pollutants and meteorological data in 2018–2020 were obtained from the Department of Environment Malaysia, while daily new COVID-19 cases in 2020 were obtained from the Ministry of Health Malaysia. Data collected were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). There were significant differences between PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, O3, and solar radiation in 2019 and 2020 since movement control order (MCO) was implemented on 18 March 2020. Spearman’s correlation test showed that COVID-19 cases were positively correlated with PM10 (r = 0.131, p < 0.001), PM2.5 (r = 0.151, p < 0.001), SO2 (r = 0.091, p = 0.003), NO2 (r = 0.228, p < 0.001), CO (r = 0.269, p = 0.001), and relative humidity (RH) (r = 0.106, p = 0.001), whereas ambient temperature (AT) was negatively correlated with COVID-19 cases (r = –0.118, p < 0.001). Further, multiple linear regression suggested that NO2 and AT (R2 = 0.071, p < 0.001, f 2 = 0.08) were the most significant air pollutant and meteorological factors with weak contribution that influenced the incidence of COVID-19 cases in Kuala Lumpur. In general, better air quality, lower RH, higher AT, along with the targeted approach implemented thus far, have proven to curb the spread of this virus infection in Malaysia. This study supports future research in studies documented to understand the potential of transmission, survival, and infection of SARS-CoV-2.
Highlights
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak was initially declared from Wuhan, China, on 31 December 2019
The COVID-19 cases in Malaysia have been detected among patient under investigation (PUI) with histories of travelling to affected countries or attending mass gathering events, close contacts with positive cases, and sporadic cases in the community through patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and influenza-like-illness (ILI) who had no contact with positive cases or history of travelling overseas
The rapid COVID-19 infection spread observed in many countries worldwide could be related to years of exposure to poor air quality, which deteriorates the health of the community in the affected areas over time
Summary
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak was initially declared from Wuhan, China, on 31 December 2019. It began as a collection of cases of pneumonia with an unclear origin in late 2019. A new coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 was identified to be the source of the pneumonia cases (Zheng, 2020). A pandemic is an outbreak that has expanded widely across a large number of people through many countries and continents. This novel virus is closest to the coronavirus found in animals, COVID-19
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