Abstract
Recently, there has been growing interest in the miniaturization and integration of atomic-based quantum technologies. In addition to the obvious advantages brought by such integration in facilitating mass production, reducing the footprint, and reducing the cost, the flexibility offered by on-chip integration enables the development of new concepts and capabilities. In particular, recent advanced techniques based on computer-assisted optimization algorithms enable the development of newly engineered photonic structures with unconventional functionalities. Taking this concept further, we hereby demonstrate the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of an integrated nanophotonic-atomic chip magnetometer based on alkali vapor with a micrometer-scale spatial resolution and a magnetic sensitivity of 700 pT/√Hz. The presented platform paves the way for future applications using integrated photonic–atomic chips, including high-spatial-resolution magnetometry, near-field vectorial imaging, magnetically induced switching, and optical isolation.
Highlights
Over the last few years, there has been growing interest in developing quantum integrated systems and miniaturizing rubidium cells ranging from the centimeter scale to the micro- and nanoscale
In these schemes, pumping and probing are performed with the same beam, and the magnetic field is detected as a change in the intensity of the probe light
Magnetometers based on nonlinear magnetooptical rotation (NMOR) rely on the precise measurement of the state of polarization of the light interacting with the atoms as a function of the magnetic field strength
Summary
Over the last few years, there has been growing interest in developing quantum integrated systems and miniaturizing rubidium cells ranging from the centimeter scale to the micro- and nanoscale. Tight confinement of light in a nanoscale waveguide leads to strong atom-light interactions, and enhanced nonlinear processes. This extreme confinement allows observation of significant nonlinear effects at very low optical powers (nanowatts), paving the way for applications like few-photon. The capabilities of chip-scale nanophotonic components can be fully exploited by advanced techniques such as computer-assisted algorithms that enable optimization of the design for a given performance envelope. The design flexibility offered by such techniques can benefit the development of miniaturized alkali-based quantum sensors
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