Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the efficiency of Allium sativum hydro-alcoholic extract (ASE) againstFigure growth, biofilm development, and soluble factor production of more than 200 biodeteriogenic microbial strains isolated from cultural heritage objects and buildings. The plant extract composition and antioxidant activities were determined spectrophotometrically and by HPLC–MS. The bioevaluation consisted of the qualitative (adapted diffusion method) and the quantitative evaluation of the inhibitory effect on planktonic growth (microdilution method), biofilm formation (violet crystal microtiter method), and production of microbial enzymes and organic acids. The garlic extract efficiency was correlated with microbial strain taxonomy and isolation source (the fungal strains isolated from paintings and paper and bacteria from wood, paper, and textiles were the most susceptible). The garlic extract contained thiosulfinate (307.66 ± 0.043 µM/g), flavonoids (64.33 ± 7.69 µg QE/g), and polyphenols (0.95 ± 0.011 mg GAE/g) as major compounds and demonstrated the highest efficiency against the Aspergillus versicolor (MIC 3.12–6.25 mg/mL), A. ochraceus (MIC: 3.12 mg/mL), Penicillium expansum (MIC 6.25–12.5 mg/mL), and A. niger (MIC 3.12–50 mg/mL) strains. The extract inhibited the adherence capacity (IIBG% 95.08–44.62%) and the production of cellulase, organic acids, and esterase. This eco-friendly solution shows promising potential for the conservation and safeguarding of tangible cultural heritage, successfully combating the biodeteriogenic microorganisms without undesirable side effects for the natural ecosystems.
Highlights
The biodeterioration of tangible cultural heritage is mainly due to fungi and bacteria, harboring a huge reservoir of microbial enzymes and acids
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the efficiency of Allium sativum hydro-alcoholic extract (ASE) againstFigure growth, biofilm development, and soluble factor production of more than 200 biodeteriogenic microbial strains isolated from cultural heritage objects and buildings
We demonstrated that the antimicrobial activity of A. sativum hydro-alcoholic extract against biodeteriogenic fungal and bacterial strains is associated with the presence of allicin and thiosulfinic compounds identified by UHPLC that, from over 100 biologically active compounds derived from garlic, are known for their broad spectrum of antifungal activity [20,28]
Summary
The biodeterioration of tangible cultural heritage is mainly due to fungi and bacteria, harboring a huge reservoir of microbial enzymes (e.g., cellulases, hemicellulases, endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, esterases, phenoloxidases, pectinases, amylases) and acids (gluconic, citric, and oxalic). In Romania, only several studies have focused on the biodeterioration of material cultural heritage and on the diversity of the involved genera and species These studies have highlighted the presence of different filamentous fungi, such as Alternaria spp., Penicillium spp. (T. longibrachyatum), Botrytis spp., Planomicrobium spp., Cladosporium spp., Variovorax spp., and Candida spp. on wooden walls, stone walls, and mural paintings of heritage churches from different counties, as well as on different ethnographical textiles, part of the collection of The National Museum of the Romanian Peasant [1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10] In this context, there is an increased necessity to develop effective and ecofriendly prevention and conservation solutions to protect the material cultural heritage against microbial (re)colonization, with low toxicity risk for human, animal, and environmental health [11,12]. Our research group revealed the efficiency of MgB2 ecofriendly powders against biodeteriogenic fungi isolated from wooden and stone churches and heritage objects from Romanian counties [13]
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