Abstract
This research studied the performance of athletes in 100m, 200m, 400m, and 4 x 400m relay races in secondary schools based on two demographic variables (age and experience). The bivariate and interactive effects of these variables were assessed based on three null hypotheses formulated to guide the study. The research is quantitative and followed the ex-post facto design. The population comprised 1,180 junior and senior secondary schools students in 24 public secondary schools in Calabar Metropolis. A total of 863 students were selected based on their previous experiences in track events. Data were collected using a questionnaire tagged “Performance in Track Events Questionnaire (PTEQ). Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics; while inferential statistics such as one- and two-way ANOVA were used to test the null hypotheses at the .05 level of significance. No significant influence of age on athletes’ performance in all the track events was found. Athletes experience significantly influenced their performance in all the track events. There is a significant interaction of age and experience on athletes’ performance in all track events in secondary schools. It was concluded that some demographic variables affect student-athletes performance in track events, while others do not. Based on this conclusion, relevant practical and research implications were discussed for sustained or improved performance in track events.
Highlights
The concept of school is associated with a physical location with concrete equipment and facilities where students and teachers interact for purpose of teaching and learning
The results revealed among other things that the most commonly used information and communication technologies (ICTs) by students were computers, telephones and the internet
Public universities had lesser percentage scores compared to private universities in terms of availability of basic information communication technologies namely internet access on campus, functional school websites, availability of classroom ICTs, online library services and e-registration system in all the universities
Summary
The concept of school is associated with a physical location with concrete equipment and facilities where students and teachers interact for purpose of teaching and learning. Modern schooling is not restricted solely to a defined physical space or location and face to face interaction. This places an increasing demand for digital inclusion in schools and other aspects of life. Information and communication technology has become an essential part of modern civic life, as they possess the potential to enhance economic equality, social mobility, public participation and economic growth. Individuals, organizations, institutions, and societies do not have equal capacities to access and utilize the internet and sundry ICT facilities. Digitization at individual, organizational/institutional, or national levels is not a cheap enterprise as many ICT tools and equipment require huge procurement and maintenance cost
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