Abstract
Demineralized dentin matrix (DDM)-based materials have been actively developed and are well-known for their excellent performance in dental tissue regeneration. However, DDM-based bio-ink suitable for fabrication of engineered dental tissues that are patient-specific in terms of shape and size, has not yet been developed. In this study, we developed a DDM particle-based bio-ink (DDMp bio-ink) with enhanced three-dimensional (3D) printability. The bio-ink was prepared by mixing DDM particles and a fibrinogen–gelatin mixture homogeneously. The effects of DDMp concentration on the 3D printability of the bio-ink and dental cell compatibility were investigated. As the DDMp concentration increased, the viscosity and shear thinning behavior of the bio-ink improved gradually, which led to the improvement of the ink’s 3D printability. The higher the DDMp content, the better were the printing resolution and stacking ability of the 3D printing. The printable minimum line width of 10% w/v DDMp bio-ink was approximately 252 μm, whereas the fibrinogen–gelatin mixture was approximately 363 μm. The ink’s cytocompatibility test with dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) exhibited greater than 95% cell viability. In addition, as the DDMp concentration increased, odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs was significantly enhanced. Finally, we demonstrated that cellular constructs with 3D patient-specific shapes and clinically relevant sizes could be fabricated through co-printing of polycaprolactone and DPSC-laden DDMp bio-ink.
Highlights
IntroductionNon-biological dental implants are commonly used to treat tooth loss. differences in physiological properties between the dental implants and human dental tissues cause peri-implantitis with alveolar bone loss and periodontal inflammation [1,2]
In clinic, non-biological dental implants are commonly used to treat tooth loss
We investigated that 3D tooth-shaped cellular constructs can be fabricated through co-printing of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs)-laden DDMp bio-ink and PCL
Summary
Non-biological dental implants are commonly used to treat tooth loss. differences in physiological properties between the dental implants and human dental tissues cause peri-implantitis with alveolar bone loss and periodontal inflammation [1,2]. Producing engineered 3D dental constructs with clinically-relevant sizes, patient-specific shapes, and high regenerative capacity is a challenge [7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. In this respect, 3D bioprinting technology has recently garnered the attention of several researchers. The technology can produce 3D freeform cellular constructs using various types of living cells, biomolecules, and biomaterials [14] It allows the fabrication of patient-specific and macro-sized structures with micro-resolution [15,16]. The DDMp and the fibrinogen–gelatin mixture were gently mixed to prepare DDMp bio-ink at a concentration of 1–10% w/v
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