Demersal fish predators of gelatinous zooplankton in the Northeast Pacific Ocean

Rd Brodeur,Gm Lang,Jc Buchanan,Dl Draper,Re Hibpshman,Tw Buckley

doi:10.3354/meps13489

Abstract

Historically, gelatinous zooplankton have been considered important consumers or predators in marine food webs, but more recently they have also been recognized as important prey for many marine species. Here, we summarized data obtained from >100 Northeast Pacific fish predators based on extensive gut content analysis (~450000 stomachs examined) from broad-scale demersal trawl surveys ranging from the Bering Sea to Southern California. In the Bering Sea, we identified 27 predators on jellyfish and 23 on urochordates. In the Aleutian Islands, 14 and 18 predators were identified, respectively, and for the Gulf of Alaska, a total of 23 and 32 such predators were documented. Off the West Coast of the contiguous USA, we identified 16 coelenterate predators and 7 urochordate predators. Many of these predators were not previously known to prey on gelatinous zooplankton. Dominant consumers of coelenterates include prowfish, rockfishes, walleye pollock, sablefish, and grenadiers, and primary consumers of urochordates included rockfishes, Atka mackerel, and sablefish. Pronounced seasonal and interannual variability in gelatinous taxa occurrence was observed in several dominant fish predators. The occurrence of jellyfish prey was generally much higher in diets of fishes examined fresh at sea when compared with diets of the same species examined in the laboratory following preservation. Differences in occurrence were less pronounced with the more durable urochordate prey. We suggest that many existing estimates of predation on easily dissolved gelatinous prey may underestimate the true predation rate and the importance of these organisms in marine food webs.

Highlights

Gelatinous zooplankton are conspicuous and often extremely abundant components of many coastal ecosystems (Richardson et al 2009, Brotz et al 2012, Condon et al 2013)
Studies of demersal fishes in other oceans indicate that some taxa may be important consumers but they are often overlooked as predators on gelatinous zooplankton (Arkhipkin & Laptikhovsky 2013, Smith et al 2016)
We summarized diet information from 455 969 stomach samples comprising more than 100 demersal teleosts and elasmobranchs (Table 1)

Summary

Introduction

Gelatinous zooplankton are conspicuous and often extremely abundant components of many coastal ecosystems (Richardson et al 2009, Brotz et al 2012, Condon et al 2013). Of particular relevance is the recent increase in gelatinous zooplankton in several Northeast Pacific LMEs, related to both natural and human-induced perturbations to the ecosystem (Brodeur et al 2008, 2017, Brotz et al 2012, Li et al 2016, Uye & Brodeur 2017) These increases may come at the expense of production of many of their competitors (e.g. krill and forage fishes), leading to very different food webs than would occur in the absence of these blooms (Ruzicka et al 2012, 2020, Opdal et al 2019). Studies of demersal fishes in other oceans indicate that some taxa may be important consumers but they are often overlooked as predators on gelatinous zooplankton (Arkhipkin & Laptikhovsky 2013, Smith et al 2016)

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