Abstract
The water–energy–food nexus has captured the attention of many researchers and policy makers for the potential synergies between those sectors, including the development of self-sustainable solutions for agriculture systems. This paper poses a novel design approach aimed at balancing the trade-off between the computational burden and accuracy of the results. The method is based on the combination of static energy hub models of the system components and rule-based control to simulate the operational costs over a one-year period as well as a global optimization algorithm that provides, from those results, a design that maximizes the solar energy contribution. The presented real-world case study is based on an isolated greenhouse, whose water needs are met due to a desalination facility, both acting as heat consumers, as well as a solar thermal field and a biomass boiler that cover the demand. Considering the Almerian climate and 1 ha of tomato crops with two growing seasons, the optimal design parameters were determined to be (with a solar fraction of 16% and a biomass fraction of 84%): 266 m2 for the incident area of the solar field, 425 kWh for the thermal storage system, and 4234 kW for the biomass-generated power. The Levelized Cost of Heat (LCOH) values obtained for the solar field and biomass boiler were 0.035 and 0.078 €/kWh, respectively, and the discounted payback period also confirmed the profitability of the plant for fuel prices over 0.05 €/kWh. Thus, the proposed algorithm is useful as an innovative decision-making tool for farmers, for whom the burden of transitioning to sustainable farming systems might increase in the near future.
Highlights
The growth of the world population, together with other environmental factors, such as climate change, are putting great pressure on the resources used to provide essential commodities for humankind
This paper demonstrates that sustainable farming solutions, within the WEF nexus approach, can be carried out by implementing Energy Hubs (EH)-based models and renewable hybrid systems for energy production
An opportunity for agriculture presents itself as this innovative method of designing systems may ease decision-making for farmers, on whom the burden of the transition to sustainable farming systems might be unduly placed in the near future
Summary
The growth of the world population, together with other environmental factors, such as climate change, are putting great pressure on the resources used to provide essential commodities for humankind This is noticeable for the water and food supply as well as others, such as energy, which is required in any kind of developed society that seeks to ensure human welfare. Energy determines the efficiency and effectiveness of water use, which is fundamental in creating the conditions for sustainable food production This relationship has given rise to the so-called “water–energy–food (WEF) nexus”, which has been recognized as one of the crucial problems that humanity must face for proper and sustainable development [1,2]
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