Abstract
This paper proposes an emergency-based demand response (DR) controller of domestic heat pump (DHP) units based on an estimated frequency of the UK electricity in 2035. The normal pattern of DHP demand is adjusted to maintain system frequency within its limit using a linear model of power and temperature inside low-carbon houses, while considering consumer comfort. Simulation results show that the proposed DR design of static/dynamic frequency-controlled DHPs will increase the amount of power reserve by 75% and the amount of electricity market by 70%, as compared to their values of the current frequency response by flexible loads.
Highlights
The residential sector of European countries forms nearly 40% of their overall energy consumption [1]
This paper investigates two types of Demand response (DR) controllers, which are the dynamic and static controllers of domestic heat pump (DHP) units
GW power reserve is estimated based on taking into account the present and predicted values of the total kinetic energy, as mentioned in Figure 4 because the dynamic frequency-controlled DHPs will be requested over a 30 s only
Summary
The residential sector of European countries forms nearly 40% of their overall energy consumption [1]. The DR schemes are mainly classified into two types, which are emergency-based and economic-based designs. An emergency-based DR design adjusts end-user energy using direct load control (DLC) signals (e.g., system frequency), whereas an economic-based DR design adjusts end-user energy using price signals (e.g., time-of-use tariff) [2]. A dynamic demand control was studied in [3] to maintain system frequency using domestic appliances (refrigerators). A decentralized DR approach was addressed in [5] to maintain system frequency without intensive communications between control and demand entities. Some demand-side management techniques were reviewed in [6], while simulating a specific DR strategy using heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems across a group of 629 residential buildings. Several DR programs were surveyed in [7] for sustainable energy systems, presenting different strategies of application and implementation in a smart grid paradigm
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