Abstract
We present a Buildings-to-Grid (BtG) integration framework with intermittent wind-power generation and demand flexibility management provided by buildings. First, we extend the existing BtG models by introducing uncertain wind-power generation and reformulating the interactions between the Transmission System Operator (TSO), Distribution System Operators (DSO), and buildings. We then develop a unified BtG control framework to deal with forecast errors in the wind power, by considering ancillary services from both reserves and demand-side flexibility. The resulting framework is formulated as a finite-horizon stochastic model predictive control (MPC) problem, which is generally hard to solve due to the unknown distribution of the wind-power generation. To overcome this limitation, we present a tractable robust reformulation, together with probabilistic feasibility guarantees. We demonstrate that the proposed demand flexibility management can substitute the traditional reserve scheduling services in power systems with high levels of uncertain generation. Moreover, we show that this change does not jeopardize the stability of the grid or violate thermal comfort constraints of buildings. We finally provide a large-scale Monte Carlo simulation study to confirm the impact of achievements.
Highlights
An essential requirement of power grids with high wind-power penetration is the ancillary reserve power service, which can reduce unwanted power curtailment and enable higher integration of renewable generation
The reserve scheduling task of the Transmission System Operator (TSO) in power grids deals with day-ahead scheduling of the generator reserve power, in order to compensate for mismatches between the forecast and actual wind power [1]
We propose a unified dynamical BtG framework by modeling the building demand-side flexibility, while explicitly formulating the hierarchical interactions between the TSO, Distribution System Operators (DSO), and buildings
Summary
An essential requirement of power grids with high wind-power penetration is the ancillary reserve power service, which can reduce unwanted power curtailment and enable higher integration of renewable generation. Due to the growing penetration levels of wind-power generation, TSOs need to deal with increasing levels of uncertainty, imposing novel challenges and responsibilities for TSOs to avoid blackouts and other contingencies. This trend highlights the necessity for TSOs to introduce new types of ancillary services by enabling end-users (buildings) demand-side flexibility. Buildings control decisions are typically only optimized locally to minimize energy consumption, but not in the wider scope of optimal control of the electricity grid. Demand-side flexibility of buildings represents the capability to Energies 2020, 13, 6532; doi:10.3390/en13246532 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
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