Delta Opiates Increase Ischemic Tolerance in Isolated Rabbit Jejunum

Abstract

Mammalian hibernation is mediated by humoral agonists of the delta opioid receptor (DOR). Moreover, transfer of either humoral or synthetic DOR agonists to non‐hibernators reportedly induces a state of improved myocardial ischemic tolerance. Objective: To determine whether the DOR agonist D‐Ala 2, D‐Leu 5, enkephalin (DADLE) similarly elicits protection in noncardiac—i.e., mesenteric—tissue. Methods: In Protocols 1 and 2, the authors developed and characterized an in vitro model of mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion in isolated rabbit jejunum by documenting the effect of increasing ischemic duration (0 to 120 minutes) and the relative importance of glucose and/or oxygen deprivation on the evolution of jejunal injury. In Protocol 3, jejunal segments were randomized to receive either no treatment (controls) or 15 minutes of pretreatment with 1 μM DADLE, followed by 60 minutes of simulated ischemia and 30 minutes of reperfusion. Jejunal injury was quantified by repeated, time‐matched assessment of peak contractile force evoked by 1 μM acetylcholine (all protocols) and delineation of tissue necrosis (Protocol 1). Results: Development of significant jejunal injury required combined oxygen/glucose deprivation. Moreover, there was a direct relationship between ischemic duration and tissue injury, and a significant inverse correlation between reperfusion contractile force (% of baseline) and the extent of smooth muscle necrosis (r2= 0.87; p < 0.01). Most notably, mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion injury was attenuated by DADLE: reperfusion contractile force was 47 ± 5% versus 36 ± 5% in DADLE‐treated versus control segments (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Treatment with the delta opioid agonist DADLE increases ischemic tolerance of isolated rabbit jejunum.