Abstract
Abstract. Dew is a non-conventional source of water that has been gaining interest over the last two decades, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we performed a long-term (1979–2018) energy balance model simulation to estimate dew formation potential in Iran aiming to identify dew formation zones and to investigate the impacts of long-term variation in meteorological parameters on dew formation. The annual average of dew occurrence in Iran was ∼102 d, with the lowest number of dewy days in summer (∼7 d) and the highest in winter (∼45 d). The average daily dew yield was in the range of 0.03–0.14 L m−2 and the maximum was in the range of 0.29–0.52 L m−2. Six dew formation zones were identified based on cluster analysis of the time series of the simulated dew yield. The distribution of dew formation zones in Iran was closely aligned with topography and sources of moisture. Therefore, the coastal zones in the north and south of Iran (i.e., Caspian Sea and Oman Sea), showed the highest dew formation potential, with 53 and 34 L m−2 yr−1, whereas the dry interior regions (i.e., central Iran and the Lut Desert), with the average of 12–18 L m−2 yr−1, had the lowest potential for dew formation. Dew yield estimation is very sensitive to the choice of the heat transfer coefficient. The uncertainty analysis of the heat transfer coefficient using eight different parameterizations revealed that the parameterization used in this study – the Richards (2004) formulation – gives estimates that are similar to the average of all methods and are neither much lower nor much higher than the majority of other parameterizations and the largest differences occur for the very low values of daily dew yield. Trend analysis results revealed a significant (p<0.05) negative trend in the yearly dew yield in most parts of Iran during the last 4 decades (1979–2018). Such a negative trend in dew formation is likely due to an increase in air temperature and a decrease in relative humidity and cloudiness over the 40 years.
Highlights
Scarcity and continuously increasing demand on freshwater is one of the socioeconomic problems in many countries, especially in arid and semi-arid regions
The synoptic station Tabas is located in this dew zone and has a climate characterized by high temperatures and low relative humidity in summer (Fig. 7d)
The average daily dew yield in Iran was in the range of 0.03–0.14 L m−2 and the maximum was in the range of 0.29–0.52 L m−2 d−1
Summary
Scarcity and continuously increasing demand on freshwater is one of the socioeconomic problems in many countries, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Iran is one of the countries suffering a freshwater shortage and climate change consequences (Karimi et al, 2018; Afshar and Fahimi, 2019; Emami and Koch, 2019; Naderi, 2020). The Iranian annual renewable water resources is currently less than 2000 m3 per capita and with the current population growth rate (∼ 1.19 %; CIA, 2020), is expected to be reduced to be less than 1000 m3 per capita by 2025 (Madani Larijani, 2005; Moridi, 2017).
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