Delineation and Classifications of Adverse Drug Reaction: Brief Communication

Abstract

Adverse drug reaction defined as reaction to medicine which is noxious and unintended and occurs at doses of medications normally used for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or treatment of disease or to change physiologic functions. Serious adverse effect defined as any unfavorable medical incidence that happens at any dose and results in death necessitates hospital admission or prolonged hospital stay, results in continuity or indispensable disability, or is life threatening. Type “A” adverse drug reaction is greatly happened and solely causes low mortality, and also treated by adjusting dose of the medication; for example toxic effects of alpha-adrenergic blockage side effects that is associated with tricyclic antidepressants; sexual dysfunction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; ototoxicity from aminoglycosides toxicity; serotonin syndrome of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Type “B” reactions signifies’ (bizarre, idiosyncratic), unpredictable or non-pharmacological, frequently allergic, response reactions are novel responses that are not anticipated from the familiar pharmacological actions of the medication. Type “C” reactions signifies’ ‘continuing or long term (time related)’ reactions, continue for a relatively long time and prolonged usage of medicine. Type “D” reactions signifies’ delayed (lag time)’ reactions, becomes presumed occasionally after the usage of a medication. Type “E” reactions signifies’ ‘ending-of-usage (withdrawal)’ reactions, is associated with the withdrawal of a medication. For example is withdrawal syndrome with benzodiazepines; withdrawal syndrome with tricyclic antidepressants and the undesired effects of ceasing the drug (for example, rebound hypertension with beta blockers). Type “F” reactions signifies’ unanticipated failure of therapy (no response). Where a medication unpleasantly escalates or de-escalates in efficacy, for examples, the de-escalated clearance of a medication by dialysis, or the de-escalated consequence of antimicrobials agents’ particularly anti-tuberculosis medication resistance due to resistant organism.