Abstract
To determine the prevalence of bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD) and its relationship with delayed elimination communication (EC) in children. A cross-sectional study was carried out in kindergartens and primary schools in mainland China. A total of 10,166 children ranging from 4 to 10 years old were included. A total of 10,166 valid questionnaires were collected, and 409 children were diagnosed with BBD. The overall prevalence was 4.02% (409/10,166) and decreased with age, from 6.19% at age 4 to 1.96% at age 10. With the prolonged use of disposable diapers (DDs), the commencement of usage of EC in a child was significantly put off or delayed by parents, and the prevalence of BBD amongst these children increased (P < 0.001). The prevalence of BBD among children who stopped using DDs within the first 12 months and after more than 24 months was 2.79% and 4.38% respectively. Additionally, the prevalence among children who started EC within 12 months after birth and those who never engaged in EC was 1.36% and 15.71% respectively. Early introduction of EC and weaning of DD usage has a positive correlation with lower prevalence of BBD in children in China.
Highlights
To determine the prevalence of bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD) and its relationship with delayed elimination communication (EC) in children
A total of 11,050 questionnaires were distributed, and 10,166 valid questionnaires were included in the analysis, comprising 5118 (50.34%) males and 5048 (49.66%) females
The prevalence of BBD and its associations with different genders and ages are shown in Table 1 and Fig. 3
Summary
To determine the prevalence of bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD) and its relationship with delayed elimination communication (EC) in children. Lower urinary tract(LUT) dysfunctions common to BBD include storage symptomps like urinary frequency, urgency, incontinence, nocturia, as well as voiding symptomps like hesitancy, dysuria and other issues like over active bladder and underactive bladder, defecation complaints accompanied by the LUT dysfunctions are like constipation, functional non-retentive faecal incontinence(FNRFI) and/or e ncopresis[2,3]. BBD can predispose children to urinary tract infection (UTI), urinary incontinence and other complications such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)[4]. Is it a difficult and distressing problem for children and their families but can impose a sense of guilt and embarrassment amongst them with some children ending up as victims of b ullying[1,5]. When the child shows cues of elimination, such as crying, squirming, straining, wriggling, grimacing, fussing and vocalizing, the caregiver can coordinate this elimination process with audio cues (soft whistle or hum) whilst holding or sitting the child with thighs apart over the toilet to complete this process rather than to allow them to eliminate in their DDs5
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