Abstract
The interaction of underwater sound with the ocean surface is investigated. Laboratory measurements of the delay-Doppler structure of the surface multipath at a transmission frequency of 300 kHz are compared to physics based analytic predictions. Channel impulse responses and channel scattering functions are measured when the surface is characterized by wind generated roughness, swell-like roughness, and a mix of wind and swell. The distribution of surface scattered energy across delay time and Doppler shift is presented as a function of wind speed ranging from 0.5 m/s to 11.0 m/s. The effect of wave shape and nominal out-of-plane grazing angle on the delay time spread and Doppler spread of the surface multipath are also considered. Proper characterization of surface interacting acoustic energy has direct application to the improved performance of shallow water and near surface underwater acoustic communications systems.
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