Abstract
Herein, we report an approach to produce levoglucosenone (LGO) from cellulose in yields up to 51% under mild reaction conditions (170–230 °C; 5–20 mM H2SO4) using polar, aprotic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF).
Highlights
Scheme 1 Potential uses of levoglucosenone.antibiotic,[24] and ras activition inhibitors, which are anticancer drugs[25])
LGO has traditionally been produced in low yields by catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass, and many attempts have been made to improve the LGO yield using pyrolysis technologies.[17,31–39]
We have reported that cellulose can be effectively converted to HMF in tetrahydrofuran (THF) under mild reaction conditions, obtaining an HMF yield of 44%
Summary
Scheme 1 Potential uses of levoglucosenone.antibiotic,[24] and ras activition inhibitors, which are anticancer drugs[25]). The hydrogenated form of LGO, dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrenes), is useful as a bio-based polar, aprotic solvent with properties similar to NMP, DMF, and sulfolane.26 5-Hydroxymethyldihydrofuranone, a precursor for nucleic acids, can . Zhang and coworkers explored sulfated zirconia, a solid superacid, as a means to improve the yield of LGO, but their best carbon yield was only 8.4%.37. LGO has traditionally been produced in low yields by catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass, and many attempts have been made to improve the LGO yield using pyrolysis technologies.[17,31–39] Notably, Dobele and coworkers pre-treated wood with phosphoric acid prior to pyrolysis, with LGO making up 30% of the total peak area of the detectable products at 375 1C.38 Zhang and coworkers explored sulfated zirconia, a solid superacid, as a means to improve the yield of LGO, but their best carbon yield was only 8.4%.37 These low yields make it difficult to recover LGO from bio oil and have so far limited the large-scale exploitation of LGO
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