Degradation Pathways of the Commercial Reactive Azo Dye Procion Red H-E7B under Solar-Assisted Photo-Fenton Reaction

Abstract

Reactive azo dye Procion Red H-E7B solutions have been submitted to solar-assisted photo-Fenton degradation. The solution color quickly disappears, indicating a fast degradation of the azo group. Nevertheless, complete DOC removal was not accomplished, in accordance with the presence of resistant triazine rings at the end of the reaction. The intermediates generated along the reaction time have been identified and quantified. LC-(ESI)-TOF-MS analysis allowed the detection of 18 aromatic compounds of different size and complexity. Some of them shared the same accurate mass, and consequently, the same empirical formula, but appeared at different chromatographic retention times, evidencing their different molecular structures. Heteroatom oxidation products like NH4+, NO3-, Cl-, and SO4(2-) have also been quantified and explanations of their release are proposed. Short chain carboxylic acids are also detected at long reaction times, as a previous step to complete dye mineralization. A link between the disappearance of the largest intermediate products and the increase of the solutions biodegradability has been established. Finally, taking into account all the findings of the present study and previous related works, the evolution from the original dye to the final products (triazine and CO2) is proposed in a general reaction scheme.