Degradation of wetlands and livelihood benefits of Lake Abaya-Chamo wetland, southern Ethiopia

Abstract

Abaya-Chamo and other wetlands of Ethiopia provide multiple ecosystem services, the wetlands are extremely affected by various anthropogenic factors. The unsustainable use of wetlands stems from the negligence of users about wetland degradation and limited policy attention by decision-makers. This study was aimed at analyzing the livelihood benefits of Abaya-chamo lake-wetland and the driving forces of its degradation. Data were gathered using a questionnaire survey of 384 households (selected via systematic random sampling), focus group discussion, and interview and field observation. Percentage, regression was used for data analysis. Multiple linear (binary logistic) regression model was applied to evaluate the impact of household-related independent variables on the dependent variable. It was found that Abaya-chamo lake-wetland offers fish, lumber, firewood, fodder, irrigation water, farmland, rainfall, recreation, tourism, aesthetics, carbon sinks, air quality, and climate regulation, services to local people. Farm expansion, sedimentation, irrigation, invasive plants (water hyacinth), open access and overuse of resources, lack of legal framework, and rapid population growth were the main causes of wetland degradation. Applying the lakes salty-water for irrigation is expected to lead to chemical land degradation in the next few decades. The invasive emboch (water hyacinth) plant results in dwindling aquatic resources (e.g., fish), loss of economic and tour benefits, and change in local climate, thereby depleting the lake water of the lake-wetland rapidly. The lakes salty-water-based irrigation is expected to result in land degradation to the extent of abandoning crop farming in the next few decades unless some actions are taken. Thus, the government should devise a clear policy and legal framework about sustainable management of wetland resources.