Degradation of triclosan by an integrated nano-bio redox process

Abstract

In this study, a sequential reduction–oxidation method was developed for complete degradation of triclosan (2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether, TCS) in aqueous solution. Rapid reductive dechlorination of TCS was achieved with palladized zero-valent iron nanoparticles (Pd/nFe), under anaerobic conditions, with generation of 2-phenoxyphenol as the sole dechlorination product. Sequentially, 2-phenoxyphenol was transformed into a non-toxic polymer using laccase (EC:1.10.3.2) derived from Trametes versicolor in the presence of natural redox mediator syringaldehyde (SYD). High performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HPLC–ESI-MS) revealed the formation of dimer and trimer products during the laccase-mediated transformation process. The efficiency of the integrated method is critically dependent on the Fe 2+ concentration, which was effectively controlled by optimizing the solution pH. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a redox two-step hybrid system for the complete transformation of TCS into non-toxic products.