Degradation of tetracycline based on activated persulfate by microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation as templates modified sludge biochar

Abstract

The template method is capable of enhancing the catalytic sites by controlling the size and properties of the material. However, the integration of the template and biological methods requires further development. In this study, an environmentally friendly modified sludge biochar (TBC) was successfully synthesized by modifying sludge with biosynthetic calcium precipitation as a template. TBC effectively activated peroxydisulfate (PDS), achieving a tetracycline (TC) removal efficiency of 95.07 %. Active species identification and electrochemical analyses confirmed that the main mechanism for TBC to activate PDS in degrading TC involved the non − radical pathway, including singlet oxygen (1O2) production and direct electron transfer. The CO functional group was the main active group to produce 1O2. Additionally, the adsorption of TBC also played a role in TC removal. Experimental results indicated that TBC exhibits significant stability and reusability. This study offers novel insights into utilizing the template method for PDS activation to degrade TC and presents a viable approach for the rational disposal of sludge.