Degradation of mono- and dichlorobenzoic acid isomers by two natural isolates of Alcaligenes denitrificans

Abstract

Two strains of Alcaligenes denitrificans, designated BRI 3010 and BRI 6011, were isolated from polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated soil using 2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (2,5-DCBA) and 2,4-DCBA, respectively, as sole carbon and energy sources. Both strains degraded 2-chlorobenzoic acid (2-CBA), 2,3-DCBA, and 2,5-DCBA, and were unable to degrade 2,6-DCBA. BRI 6011 alone degraded 2,4-DCBA. Growth of BRI 6011 in yeast extract and 2,6-DCBA induced pyrocatechase activity, but 2,6-DCBA was not degraded, suggesting the importance of an unsubstituted carbon six of the aromatic ring. Metabolism of the chlorinated substrates resulted in the stoichiometric release of chloride, and degradation proceeded by intradiol cleavage of the aromatic ring. Growth of both strains on 2,5-DCBA induced pyrocatechase activities with catechol and chlorocatechols as substrates. In contrast to dichlorobenzoic acids, growth on 2-CBA, benzoic acid, mono- and dihydroxybenzoic acids induced a pyrocatechase activity against catechol only. Although 2,4-DCBA was a more potent inducer of both pyrocatechase activities, its utilization by BRI 6011 was inhibited by 2,5-DCBA. Specific uptake rates using resting cells were highest with 2-CBA, except when the resting cells had been previously grown on 2,5-DCBA, in which case 2,5-DCBA was the preferred substrate. The higher rates of 2,5-DCBA uptake obtained by growth on that substrate, suggested the existence of a separately induced uptake system for 2,5-DCBA.