Abstract
Lignocellulose can be degraded by lignocellulolytic microorganisms such as moulds. The purpose of the study was to obtain the right type of moulds in degrading lignocellulose on the cocoa shell powder. The study used a completely randomized design method using four treatments of different types of mould (Trichoderma viride, Neurospora sitophila, Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus oryzae) towards cocoa shell powder fermentation. Solid fermentation of cocoa shell powder was carried out for 5 days in an incubator with a temperature of 30°C for T. viride, N. sitophila, and R. oryzae, while A. niger of 35°C. The fermented substrate was then dried in a cabinet oven with a temperature of 50°C for 4 days. Tests of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose were performed towards the treatments by the Chesson method, while the moisture content test was performed using the AOAC method. Degradation of fermented cocoa shell powder has shown a significant effect on moisture, lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose contents. Trichoderma viride resulted in the highest lignocellulose degradation compared with the other treatments. The percentage decrease of lignin content is up to 46.69 wt%; while cellulose of 22.59 wt%; and hemicellulose is about 19.41 wt% from the initial lignin weight.
Highlights
Lignocellulosic residue has become a concern along with the development of bioeconomy. e biomass with the basis of lignocellulose such as agricultural wastes was considered as a renewable resource that can be promoted for energy through biorefinery [1]
Moisture contents have a significant different effect due to the mechanism of respiration and hydrolysis of lignocellulose by mould. e high moisture content produced may be due to accumulation of water from the cellular respiration mechanism and the low heat transfer on substrate, so evaporation rate tends to be low and results in water contained in substrate as well metabolite yield accumulated in the system and increasing moisture content of material [27]
Low moisture content is caused by hydrolysis of lignocellulose component by enzyme that require large amounts of water, it produced water as a byproduct of respiration, yet it required more water to degrade lignocellulose compared to water produced by respiratory of byproduct [28]
Summary
Lignocellulosic residue has become a concern along with the development of bioeconomy. e biomass with the basis of lignocellulose such as agricultural wastes was considered as a renewable resource that can be promoted for energy through biorefinery [1]. E biomass with the basis of lignocellulose such as agricultural wastes was considered as a renewable resource that can be promoted for energy through biorefinery [1]. Valorisation of lignocellulose residue such as biorefinery has been recognized as a vital component to support arising bioeconomy by offering a diverse assortment of items from a broad range of biomass sources to fulfil the various requests of the society [2]. Some utilization of various agricultural wastes needs to be addressed in order to enhance the economic, social, and environmental impacts through resources efficiency. On the processing of cocoa into chocolate products, cocoa shell needs to be separated from the cocoa. Cocoa shell is a thin, soft, and slightly slimy skin that has been separated from cocoa through the stripping process. Cocoa shell contains high fibre, so when the cocoa shell powder is dissolved, fibre and insoluble compound will settle after a few minute [4, 5]
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