Abstract
Endosulfan, an organochlorine insecticide, and its metabolite endosulfan sulfate are persistent in environments and are considered toxic. We investigate the possible nontoxic bioremediation of endosulfan. An endosulfandegrading fungus that does not produce endosulfan sulfate was selected from eight species of white-rot fungi. High degradation of endosulfan and low accumulation of endosulfan sulfate were found in cultures of Trametes hirsuta. A degradation experiment using endosulfan sulfate as the substrate revealed that T. hirsuta is able to further degrade endosulfan sulfate following the oxidative conversion of endosulfan to endosulfan sulfate. Endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate were converted to several metabolites via hydrolytic pathways. In addition, endosulfan dimethylene, previously reported as a metabolite of the soil bacterium Arthrobacter sp., was detected in T. hirsuta culture containing endosulfan sulfate. Our results suggest that T. hirsuta has multiple pathways for the degradation of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate and thus has great potential for use as a biocatalyst in endosulfan bioremediation.
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