Degradation of Dimethyl Phthalate and Diethyl Phthalate by Bacteria Isolated from Jazan, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

P hthalate esters (PAEs) are commonly utilized in commercial, industrial, and medical applications. Various concentrations of PAEs have been detected in seawater samples and treated wastewater obtained from wastewater treatment plants in Saudi Arabia. Since these compounds pose adverse effects to human health, it is vital to develop efficient strategies to eliminate phthalate contamination from environments. In the present study, an enrichment technique was used to isolate phthalate-degrading bacteria from seawater and from activated sludge collected at Jazan Wastewater Treatment Plant, Saudi Arabia. Bacteria with the capability of degrading dimethyl phthalate (DMP) or diethyl phthalate (DEP) were isolated using minimum salt medium supplemented with these compounds as the sole carbon and energy source. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was utilized to evaluate the residual concentration of DMP and DEP. Using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique, the isolates with maximum DMP biodegradation activity were identified as Achromobacter sp. M1 and Pseudomonas sp. M2, while the isolates with maximum DEP biodegradation activity were identified as Pseudomonas sp. E2 and Pseudomonas sp. E3. The optimum bacterial growth was achieved at 30°C, pH 7.0, and 2% NaCl, except for Pseudomonas sp. E3, which demonstrated its maximum growth in the absence of NaCl. The highest biodegradation rate for all the bacterial strains (> 99.0%) was achieved at 30°C, pH 7.0, and up to 2% NaCl within 4 days. Concurrently, Pseudomonas sp. M2 and Pseudomonas sp. E2 exhibited remarkable degradation rates (97.5% and 56.7%, respectively) at 4% NaCl whereas Pseudomonas sp. E3 showed its highest DEP degradation (82.4%) after 4 days in the absence of NaCl. This study offers potential candidates, including Achromobacter sp. M1, Pseudomonas sp. M2, Pseudomonas sp. E2, and Pseudomonas sp. E3, for the proficient biodegradation of DMP and DEP.