Abstract
The importance of studying coastal areas is justified by their resources, ecosystem services, and key role played in socio-economic development. Coastal landscapes are subject to increasing demands and pressures, requiring in-depth analyses for finding appropriate tools or policies for a sustainable landscape management. The present study addresses this issue globally, based on case studies from three continents: Romania (Europe), Algeria (Africa), and Vietnam (Asia), focusing on the anthropogenic pressure resulting from land use/land cover change or urban sprawl, taking into account the role of socioeconomic and political factors. The methodology consisted of producing maps and computing and analyzing indicators, correlating geospatial and socio-economic data in a synergistic manner to explore the changes of landscapes, and identify the specific driving forces. The findings show that the pressure of urbanization and tourism on coastal areas increased, while the drivers and impacts vary. Urbanization is due to derogatory planning in Romania and Algeria, and different national and local goals in Vietnam. The two drivers determine local exemptions from the national regulations, made for profit. In addition to the need for developing and enforcing policies for stopping the degradation and restoring the ecosystems, the findings underline the importance of international cooperation in policy development.
Highlights
IntroductionMartínez et al [1] stated that “Planet Earth is a coastal planet”, arguing by the fact that water accounts for 361.13 million km , i.e., 71% of total planet surface
The urbanization pattern seems to be consistent with the spatial distribution of population and its density, suggesting that urbanization is a sprawl of populated cities around the adjacent areas, a pattern common to deforestation is an important transitional dynamic for Romania [90,114,115,116,117], the results indicate that within the coastal areas (CA) it does not follow a consistent pattern with population or its density, which explains why their correlation was not statistically significant; this may happen because deforestation occurs on small isolated parcels [90,114,115,116,117], and because of the fact that forests are scarce and unevenly distributed in the coastal area
The literature review are in subject increasing demands and pressures; the present studyshowed exploredthat the coastal changeslandscapes of landscapes order to to assess the anthropogenic pressures; the present explored the changes landscapes assesstaking the anthropogenic pressure, especially thatstudy resulting from land use/landof cover change,in ororder urbanto sprawl, into account pressure, especially that resulting from land use/land cover change, or urban sprawl, into role played by the socioeconomic and political factors
Summary
Martínez et al [1] stated that “Planet Earth is a coastal planet”, arguing by the fact that water accounts for 361.13 million km , i.e., 71% of total planet surface. In addition to their total size, coastal areas (CA) are important for their other roles. Service and help moderating the water quality [8], contribute to mitigating and adapting to climate changes [9], and reduce the vulnerability to rising seas and coastal hazards [10]. About 11% of the world population currently lives within 10 km of the coast [21,22] and, with a 65% urban share, coastal ecosystems are more urbanized than other ecosystems [23,24]
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