Abstract
Chlorine-incorporating ultraviolet (UV) provides a multiple barrier for drinking water disinfection. Meanwhile, post-UV employment can promote the degradation of micropollutants by radical production from chlorine residual photolysis. This work studied the degradation of one such chemical, tonalide (AHTN), by low-pressure UV-activated free chlorine (FC) under typical UV disinfection dosage of <200 mJ·cm−2 and water matrix of filtered tank effluent. AHTN was rapidly degraded by UV/FC in accordance with pseudo-first-order kinetics. The reaction rate constants of AHTN with reactive chlorine species and hydroxyl radical (HO•) were estimated. Mechanistic exploration evidenced that under UV/FC, AHTN degradation was attributable to direct photolysis, ClO•, and HO•. The carbonyl side chain of AHTN served as an important attack site for radicals. Water matrices, such as natural organic matter (NOM), HCO 3 − , Cu 2 + , PO 4 3 − , and Fe 2 + , showed noticeable influence on the UV/FC process with an order of NOM > HCO 3 − > Cu 2 + > PO 4 3 − > Fe 2 + . Reaction product analysis showed ignorable formation of chlorinated intermediates and disinfection byproducts.
Highlights
Polycyclic musks (PCMs), as fragrance ingredients, have been extensively used in cosmetics, household cleaning products, and personal care products
AHTN and HHCB can pose a challenge to the health of consumers if they cannot be effectively intercepted by drinking water treatment processes (DWTPs)
Such trepidation was confirmed by the survey of Stackelber et al [4], who reported that typical DWTP through clarification, granular-activated-carbon filtration, and chlorine disinfection failed to comprehensively remove AHTN (~71.4%)
Summary
Polycyclic musks (PCMs), as fragrance ingredients, have been extensively used in cosmetics, household cleaning products, and personal care products. Galaxolide (HHCB), which currently compose 85% of the total produced synthetic musk. These chemicals exist in various media, such as drinking water sources, owing to their hydrophobic characteristics, poor biodegradability, and frequent use. AHTN and HHCB can pose a challenge to the health of consumers if they cannot be effectively intercepted by drinking water treatment processes (DWTPs). Such trepidation was confirmed by the survey of Stackelber et al [4], who reported that typical DWTP through clarification, granular-activated-carbon filtration, and chlorine disinfection failed to comprehensively remove AHTN (~71.4%).
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