Abstract
Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries (LIBs) is still a topic of scientific interest. Commonly, spent LIBs are pretreated by mechanical and/or thermal processing. Valuable elements are then recycled via pyrometallurgy and/or hydrometallurgy. Among the thermal treatments, pyrolysis is the most commonly used pre-treatment process. This work compares the treatment of typical cathode nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) material by conventional pyrolysis, and by a microwave assisted pyrolysis. In the conventional route, the heating is provided indirectly, while via microwave the heating is absorbed by the microwaves, according to the materials properties. The comparison is done with help of a detailed characterization of solid as well as the gaseous products during and after the thermal treatment. The results indicated at least three common stages in the degradation: Dehydration and evaporation of electrolyte solvents (EC) and two degradation periods of EC driven by combustion and reforming reactions. In addition, microwave assisted pyrolysis promotes catalytic steam and dry reforming reactions, leading to the strong formation of H2 and CO.
Highlights
The depletion of non-renewable energy source with the growing environmental concern leads to a necessity of using clean energy resources
The spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are harmful to the environment and their disposal or incineration is not allowed by the legislation [4,6]
Becauseof ofthe theelectric electric arcs that formed in microwave, thetemperature true temperature of microwavesBecause arcs that areare formed in microwave, the true of microwaves-assisted assisted pyrolysis is higher than the target temperature
Summary
The depletion of non-renewable energy source with the growing environmental concern leads to a necessity of using clean energy resources. The increasing demand of mobile energy resource paved the way for the large requirement of batteries. Li-ion batteries (LIBs) play the most important role in a broad applications, such as portable devices, power tools, hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in (PHEV), and electric vehicle (EV) market [1], due to their high energy density, better cycle life, lower rate of self-discharge, high average output voltage, reliability, and wide operating temperature range [2]. With the increasing demands of LIBs, there will be a shortage of raw material [3,4,5], and, growing numbers of LIBs are approaching their end-of-life (EOL).
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