Abstract
Sulfa antibiotics are a family of typical broad-spectrum antibiotics, which have become one of the most frequently detected antibiotics in water, posing a great threat to human health and ecosystem. Potassium ferrate is a new type of high-efficiency multifunctional water treatment agent, collecting the effects of oxidation, adsorption, flocculation, coagulation, sterilization, and deodorization. Performance and mechanism of degradation of typical broad-spectrum antibiotics by Fe(VI)-US were further studied, investigating the degradation effect of sulfa antibiotics by single ultrasound, single potassium ferrate, and potassium ferrate-ultrasound (Fe(VI)-US). It was found that Fe(VI)-US technology had a significant role in promoting the degradation of sulfa antibiotics via orthogonal experiments. Factors evaluated included sulfa antibiotics type, pH value, potassium ferrate dosage, ultrasonic frequency, and ultrasonic power, with the pH value and potassium ferrate dosage being affected most significantly. One reason for synergy facilitating the degradation is the common oxidation of potassium ferrate and ultrasound, and the other is that Fe(III) produced promotes the degradation rate. According to the product analysis and degradation pathways of three sulfa antibiotics, ferrate-sonication sulfa antibiotics are removed by hydroxyl radical oxidation.
Highlights
Due to the toxicity of antibiotics and their wide usage and even abuse in the treatment of human and poultry, beasts of infectious diseases, antibiotics, have become a hot issue in water treatment nowadays
Some studies analyzed the content and distribution of four kinds of sulfa antibiotics in BioMed Research International the dung of 20 scale farms in Guangdong province (China); the results showed that sulfa compounds in dung was 1925.9– 13399.5 μg⋅kg−1, mainly sulfamerazine and sulfamethoxazole
The initial concentrations of sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethoxazole were all 0.02 mmol⋅L−1, the ultrasonic frequency was 800 kHz, the output electric power was 100 W, reaction pH was controlled ranging from 7 to 9, and 0.05 mmol⋅L−1 of potassium ferrate was added to the reaction solution, studying the removal effect of sulfa antibiotics by Fe(VI)-US
Summary
Due to the toxicity of antibiotics and their wide usage and even abuse in the treatment of human and poultry, beasts of infectious diseases, antibiotics, have become a hot issue in water treatment nowadays. Typical broad-spectrum sulfa antibiotics can be detected both in surface water and drinking water all over the world, which explains the serious material pollution and declares the fact that the conventional treatment process cannot remove sulfa antibiotics effectively. There are physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods for the removal of antibiotics in wastewaters; all these methods can remove antibiotics effectively with high concentration of antibiotics These methods cannot work well for drinking water sources with low levels of antibiotics. This study took the typical broad-spectrum sulfa antibiotics as target pollutants, removed by Fe(VI)-US oxidation, studying different impacts of degradation effect of sulfadiazine, establishing the reaction kinetics model, investigating the degradation mechanism of sulfa antibiotics, and providing certain theoretical basis and technical support for drugs polluted water treatment
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