Degradation, cyclic adenosine monophosphate production, insulin secretion, and glycemic effects of two novel N-terminal Ala2-substituted analogs of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide with preserved biological activity in vivo

Abstract

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) has significant potential in diabetes therapy due to its ability to serve as a glucose-dependent activator of insulin secretion. However, its biological activity is severely compromised by the ubiquitous enzyme dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP IV), which removes the N-terminal Tyr1-Ala2 dipeptide from GIP. Therefore, 2 novel N-terminal Ala2-substituted analogs of GIP, with Ala substituted by 2-aminobutyric acid (Abu) or sarcosine (Sar), were synthesized and tested for metabolic stability and biological activity both in vitro and in vivo. Incubation with DPP IV gave half-lives for degradation of native GIP, (Abu2)GIP, and (Sar2)GIP to be 2.3, 1.9, and 1.6 hours, respectively, while in human plasma, the half-lives were 6.2, 7.6, and 5.4 hours, respectively. In Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells expressing the cloned human GIP receptor, native GIP, (Abu2)GIP, and (Sar2)GIP dose-dependently stimulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp) production with EC50 values of 18.2, 38.5, and 54.6 nmol/L, respectively. In BRIN-BD11 cells, both (Abu2)GIP and (Sar2)GIP (10−13 to 10−8 mol/L) dose-dependently stimulated insulin secretion with significantly enhanced effects at 16.7 mmol/L compared with 5.6 mmol/L glucose. In obese diabetic (ob/ob) mice, GIP and (Sar2)GIP significantly increased (1.4-fold to 1.5-fold; P < .05) plasma insulin concentrations, whereas (Abu2)GIP exerted only minor effects. Changes in plasma glucose were small reflecting the severe insulin resistance of this mutant. The present data show that substitution of the penultimate N-terminal Ala2 in GIP by Abu or Sar results in analogs with moderately reduced metabolic stability and biological activity in vitro, but with preserved biological activity in vivo.