Abstract
The QCD phase transitions are investigated in the presence of an external magnetic field in the Polyakov improved Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (PNJL) model. We detailedly analyze that how the filling of multiple Landau levels by light (up and down) quarks deforms the QCD phase structure under different magnetic fields. In particular, we concentrate on the phase transition under a magnetic field possibly reachable in the non-central heavy-ion collisions at RHIC. The numerical result shows that two first-order transitions or more complicate phase transition in the light quark sector can exist for some magnetic fields, different from the phase structure under a very strong or zero magnetic field. These phenomena are very interesting and possibly relevant to the non-central heavy-ion collision experiments with colliding energies at several $A$ GeV as well as the equation of state of magnetars. Besides, we investigate the entropy oscillation with the increase of baryon density in a magnetic background.
Highlights
Over the decades, intensive investigations have been performed to explore the structure of strongly interacting matter
The numerical result shows that two first-order transitions or a more complicated phase transition in the light quark sector can exist for some magnetic fields, different from the phase structure under a very strong or zero magnetic field
We demonstrate the numerical results of the deformed QCD phase diagram in the presence of an external magnetic field, and we discuss its relation with Landau quantization
Summary
Intensive investigations have been performed to explore the structure of strongly interacting matter. There are two main aspects in the study of strongly interacting matter under an external magnetic field related to heavy-ion collisions. The possibility that the CME can be observed in heavy-ion collisions has stimulated the exploration of strong interactions in the presence of a chirality imbalance and a magnetic field [39,40,41,42,43,44].
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