Deformation modelling in layered manufacturing of metallic parts using gas metal arc welding: effect of process parameters

Abstract

Residual stress induced deformations are a major cause of loss in tolerances in solid freeform fabrication processes employing direct metal deposition. In this paper a 2D finite element thermo-mechanical model is being presented to predict the residual stress induced deformations with application to processes where material is added using a distributed, moving heat source. A sequentially coupled thermo-mechanical analysis is performed using a kinematic thermal model and a plane strain structural model. Temperature dependent material properties are used with the material modelled as elastic perfectly plastic. The material used is mild steel. The numerical results are checked against experimental data by manufacturing plate-shaped single layered specimens using an indigenously developed semi-automatic deposition system. The simulation results are compared with experimental data for successive sections along deposition and it is found that, with the exception of plate edges, the two are in very good agreement. The error at plate edges can be as high as 45% and the reason is that a 2D model cannot capture the effect of plate bolting accurately. The computational model is extended further to study the effects of various process parameters, like heat sink characteristics, rate of deposition and deposition sequence, on the buildup of residual stress and deformations. It has been observed that these parameters affect not only the magnitude of deformations but also its distribution. The residual stress distribution depends upon the sequence of deposition and the highest stresses are found at the last deposited row. In order to minimize distortions a proper combination of process parameters is essential.