Abstract
Basing on the analysis of data on variations of deformations in the Earth’s crust, which were obtained with a laser strainmeter, we found that deformation anomalies (deformation jumps) occurred at the time of tsunami generation. Deformation jumps recorded by the laser strainmeter were apparently caused by bottom displacements, leading to tsunami formation. According to the data for the many recorded tsunamigenic earthquakes, we calculated the damping ratios of the identified deformation anomalies for three regions of the planet. We proved the obtained experimental results by applying the sine-Gordon equation, the one-kink and two-kink solutions of which allowed us to describe the observed deformation anomalies. We also formulated the direction of a theoretical deformation jump occurrence—a kink (bore)—during an underwater landslide causing a tsunami.
Highlights
We know that tsunamis are some of the most dangerous and catastrophic phenomena on Earth, which cause significant damage to humanity
Let us note some of the peculiarities mentioned above: (1) tsunamigenic earthquakes are characterized by the presence of a deformation anomaly—a deformation jump—and disturbances in the dynamic spectrogram in the lower frequency range, in comparison with the range of oscillations, which is peculiar to the earthquake source zone; (2) the damping ratios of deformation anomalies for all regions of the Earth are the same, within the measurement and calculation error ranges; (3) the durations of deformation anomalies for different tsunamigenic earthquakes vary from 15 s to 17 min
During the processing of the experimental data from the laser strainmeter, we found that all tsunamigenic earthquakes are characterized by the presence of deformation anomalies—
Summary
We know that tsunamis are some of the most dangerous and catastrophic phenomena on Earth, which cause significant damage to humanity. A typical example is the tsunami that hit the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004, killing more than 283,000 people This was caused by a powerful earthquake with a maximum magnitude of about 9.3 [1]. The traditional method of short-term tsunami forecasting is based on seismological information (earthquake magnitude, main shock time, and epicenter location) [2]. The tsunami source is determined immediately after the earthquake using the global GPS network for early warnings in the near-field zone. It is clear that oscillations originating in the source of an earthquake do not cause a tsunami These oscillations are associated with the parameters of continuity breaches, i.e., with their geometrical dimensions and elastic plate deformations. The development prospects in this direction are associated with the fact that the speed of such deformation anomalies is more than an order of magnitude higher than the speed of tsunami propagation, which is extremely important for warning services
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