Defining nanomaterial interactions using biological systems

Abstract

Materials between 1 and 100nm in size behave differently than largermaterials of the same composition. They exhibit intriguing new properties that have the potential to radically improve human health through targeted drug delivery, bionic and prosthetic development, improved imaging and diagnostics systems, and novel therapeutics and regenerative medicines. According to the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies,1 803 consumer products already exploit nanoscale materials in merchandise ranging from cosmetics to children’s plush toys. But amid the excitement surrounding the revolutionary potential of nanotechnology, such as electronics integrated into organisms featured in the 1970s television show ‘The Six Million Dollar Man,’ how do we ensure these new materials do not inadvertently harm or even destroy parts of our world? Several major challenges must be overcome to ensure the safety of new nanomaterials. First, studies on how and why nanoparticles interact with the environment and organisms are lacking. It is impossible to assess potential exposure risks without this information. Second, we do not currently have the tools to measure all nanomaterial characteristics that may be important. Moreover, we may not fully comprehend what we need to measure. Finally, with every element in the periodic table as fair game—and the countless ways in which materials can be mixed and matched—the sheer diversity of potential nanomaterials is mind-boggling. At the Oregon Nanoscience and Microtechnologies Institute (ONAMI), a collaborative group of scientists are confronting concerns through the Safer Nanomaterials and Nanomanufacturing Initiative.2 As part of an international research community, we are building well-characterized nanomaterial libraries, Figure 1. Light micrographs of zebrafish development 8 (bottom right), 24 (bottom left), and 120h (top) after fertilization.