Abstract
Battery energy storage systems (BESS) and renewable energy sources are complementary technologies from the power system viewpoint, where renewable energy sources behave as flexibility sinks and create business opportunities for BESS as flexibility sources. Various stakeholders can use BESS to balance, stabilize and flatten demand/generation patterns. These applications depend on the stakeholder role, flexibility service needed from the battery, market opportunities and obstacles, as well as regulatory aspects encouraging or hindering integration of storage technologies. While developed countries are quickly removing barriers and increasing the integration share of BESS, this is seldom the case in developing countries. The paper identifies multiple case opportunities for different power system stakeholders in Croatia, models potential BESS applications using real-world case studies, analyzes feasibility of these investments, and discusses financial returns and barriers to overcome.
Highlights
Renewable energy sources (RES) have been the backbone of the power system transition over the past two decades
There are various energy storage technologies being developed, this paper focuses on battery energy storage systems (BESS)
At the moment the carbon-free operation creates new challenges to power system operation, such as the famous duck curve caused by massive solar penetration [3], where steep ramp requirements occur during morning increase of PV generation, as well as during the evening decrease of PV generation accompanied with the increase in end-user demand
Summary
Renewable energy sources (RES) have been the backbone of the power system transition over the past two decades. At the moment the carbon-free operation creates new challenges to power system operation, such as the famous duck curve caused by massive solar penetration [3], where steep ramp requirements occur during morning increase of PV generation, as well as during the evening decrease of PV generation accompanied with the increase in end-user demand. These technical challenges could be smoothed by integration of BESS units. A nickel-cadmium battery can provide 27 MW power during 15 minutes until the backup diesel generators starts up
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