Abstract
AbstractSince the turn of the century, an increasing number of governments around the world has introduced or tightened restrictions on civil society organizations (CSOs). Attempts by local CSOs and external actors to counter this trend of shrinking civic spaces have been mostly unsuccessful. In a few notable cases, however, civic space restrictions have been reversed or even prevented from being adopted in the first place. Focusing on resistance to so‐called NGO laws, this paper explores the strategies, causal mechanisms and scope conditions that help explain the successful defense of civic space. In a first step, the paper develops a theoretical framework by drawing on research on the diffusion and promotion of international norms, civic resistance and social movements. Second, it looks at two cases – Kenya (2013) and Kyrgyzstan (2013–2016) – in which governmental attempts to impose legal restrictions on foreign‐funded NGOs were effectively aborted. The analysis finds that successful resistance in both cases was based on domestic campaigns organized by broad alliances of local CSOs, which were able to draw on preexisting mobilizing structures and put forward a socioeconomic narrative to lobby against civic space restrictions. In Kyrgyzstan, but not in Kenya, external actors also played a significant role.
Highlights
Since the turn of the century, an increasing number of governments around the world has introduced or tightened restrictions on civil society organizations (CSOs)
Domestic resistance campaigns benefit from the inclusion of a broad range of CSOs that goes beyond a narrow set of advocacy nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
Other statements and interviews of Civil Society Organizations Reference Group (CSORG) members followed this line of argumentation, e.g. by stating that the amendments ‘will immediately cut off vital services provided by NGOs in crucial areas such as health, education and water’ (Ochieng, 2013)
Summary
In line with the resource mobilization approach, domestic resistance campaigns as well as external interventions that aim at supporting them depend on ‘mobilizing structures’ (see Giugni, 2004, pp. 148–150). The capacity of local CSOs to wage resistance can be expected to be shaped by the organizational strength and diversity of pre-existing CSO networks as well as by their national and international interconnections
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