Defective Fe3O4‐x Few‐Atom Clusters Anchored on Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon as Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts for High‐Performance Zinc–Air Batteries

Abstract

It remains a challenge to develop cost-effective, high-performance oxygen electrocatalysts for rechargeable metal-air batteries. Herein, zinc-mediated zeolitic imidazolate frameworks are exploited as the template and nitrogen and carbon sources, onto which is deposited a Fe3 O4 layer by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition. Controlled pyrolysis at 1000°C leads to the formation of high density of Fe3 O4- x few-atom clusters with abundant oxygen vacancies deposited on an N-doped graphitic carbon framework. The resulting nanocomposite (Fe3 O4- x /NC-1000) exhibits a markedly enhanced electrocatalytic performance toward oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media, with a remarkable half-wave potential of +0.930V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, long-term stability, and strong tolerance against methanol poisoning, in comparison to samples prepared at other temperatures and even commercial Pt/C. Notably, with Fe3 O4- x /NC-1000 as the cathode catalyst, a zinc-air battery delivers a high power density of 158mW cm-2 and excellent durability at 5mA cm-2 with stable 2000 charge-discharge cycles over 600 h. This is ascribed to the ready accessibility of the Fe3 O4- x catalytic active sites, and enhanced electrical conductivity, oxygen adsorption, and electron-transfer kinetics by surface oxygen vacancies. Further contributions may arise from the highly conductive and stable N-doped graphitic carbon frameworks.