Abstract
Abstract The microstructural development and the stabilised valence of the ions added to SnO 2 were analysed. Aiming at a better interpretation of the involved phenomena, the effects on grain growth, secondary phase formation and structure of adding Co 3 O 4 , ZnO, MnO 2 , Sb 2 O 3 , or Nb 2 O 5 have been studied. We found that cobalt, zinc and manganese stabilise as Co +2 , Zn +2 and Mn +2 in the lattice, favouring the oxygen vacancy apparition and then, the grain growth and the potential barrier formation. Sb 2 O 3 or Nb 2 O 5 reduces the total oxygen vacancy concentration and the grain growth. Sb 2 O 3 addition favours the CoSnO 3 particle formation and Nb 2 O 5 favours the formation of particles with an intermediate composition between CoSnO 3 and Co 2 SnO 4 in systems with Co 3 O 4 . These particles could also control the sintering and grain growth rates.
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