Abstract
Clean water scarcity is becoming an increasingly important worldwide issue. The water treatment industry is demanding the development of novel effective materials. Defect engineering in nanoparticles is among the most revolutionary of technologies. Because of their high surface area, structural diversity, and tailorable ability, Metal‒Organic Frameworks (MOFs) can be used for a variety of purposes including separation, storage, sensing, drug delivery, and many other issues. The application in wastewater treatment associated with water stable MOF‒based materials has been an emerging research topic in recent decades. Defect engineering is a sophisticated technique used to manufacture defects and to change the geometric framework of target compounds. Since MOFs have a series of designable structures and active sites, tailoring properties in MOFs by defect engineering is a novel concept. Defect engineering can excavate hidden active sites in MOFs, which can lead to better performance in many fields. Therefore, this technology will open new opportunities in water purification processes. However, there has been little effort to comprehensively discuss this topic. In this review, we provide an overview of the development of defect engineered MOFs for water purification processes. Furthermore, we discuss the potential applications of defect engineered materials.
Highlights
The water contaminant elimination process has aroused great attention in recent years (Ali et al, 2012; Bu et al, 2013; Yang et al, 2017)
Metal‒Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are a class of compounds consisting of metal ions or clusters coordinated to organic ligands (Rowsell and Yaghi, 2004; Férey, 2008; Furukawa et al, 2013)
We summarized the recent advances in the applications of defect engineering in water treatment processes
Summary
The water contaminant elimination process has aroused great attention in recent years (Ali et al, 2012; Bu et al, 2013; Yang et al, 2017). The water treatment industry, which is expected to be worth more than $38 billion by 2025, is looking for new solutions. Nanotechnology will open new ground and transform how water is purified (Al-Khateeb et al, 2014; Zhang et al, 2016; Zhao et al, 2016; Oyetade et al, 2018). One of the problems is that many unexploited volumes within the MOFs are inaccessible for some guest compounds (Tsao et al, 2009; Cliffe et al, 2014; Fang et al, 2014). In order to solve this problem, researchers should aim to open the active sites inside the MOFs. One possible approach to achieve this purpose is defect engineering (Maes et al, 2011; Vermoortele et al, 2012a). If the defect structure can be created in a controlled manner and precisely
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