Abstract
Deep-sea water (DSW), which is rich in micronutrients and minerals and with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities, may be developed as marine drugs to provide intestinal protection against duodenal ulcers. We determined several characteristics in the modified DSW. We explored duodenal pressure, oxygenation, microvascular blood flow, and changes in pH and oxidative redox potential (ORP) values within the stomach and duodenum in response to tap water (TW, hardness: 2.48 ppm), DSW600 (hardness: 600 ppm), and DSW1200 (hardness: 1200 ppm) in Wistar rats and analyzed oxidative stress and apoptosis gene expressions by cDNA and RNA microarrays in the duodenal epithelium. We compared the effects of drinking DSW, MgCl2, and selenium water on duodenal ulcers using pathologic scoring, immunohistochemical analysis, and Western blotting. Our results showed DSW has a higher pH value, lower ORP value, higher scavenging H2O2 and HOCl activity, higher Mg2+ concentrations, and micronutrients selenium compared with TW samples. Water infusion significantly increased intestinal pressure, O2 levels, and microvascular blood flow in DSW and TW groups. Microarray showed DSW600, DSW1200, selenium water upregulated antioxidant and anti-apoptotic genes and downregulated pro-apoptotic gene expression compared with the TW group. Drinking DSW600, DSW1200, and selenium water but not Mg2+ water significantly enhanced Bcl-2 and thioredoxin reductase 1 expression. Bax/Bcl-2/caspase 3/poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase signaling was activated during the pathogenesis of duodenal ulceration. DSW drinking reduced ulcer area as well as apoptotic signaling in acetic acid-induced duodenal ulcers. DSW, which contains selenium, provides intestinal protection against duodenal ulcers through the upregulation of Bcl-2 and thioredoxin reductase 1.
Highlights
Deep sea water (DSW) obtained from 200 m under the surface of the sea is characterized by high purity, low temperature, and high nutrient and mineral concentrations [1,2,3]
Oxidative stress gene expression in response to DSW To characterize signaling events underlying the different effects of water ingestion on the duodenal epithelium, we analyzed the activation of several transcription factors
DSW1200 activates the expression of flavin-containing monooxygenase 2 (Fmo2), glutathione peroxidase 1, 5, 6 (Gpx1, Gpx5, Gpx6), glutathione reductase (Gsr), nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible (Nos2), thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1), superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1), some antioxidant-related genes peroxiredoxin 4 (Prdx4), and selenoprotein P, plasma, 1 (Sepp1)
Summary
Deep sea water (DSW) obtained from 200 m under the surface of the sea is characterized by high purity, low temperature, and high nutrient and mineral concentrations [1,2,3]. In the development of atopic dermatitis, a type of chronic inflammatory skin disease, DSW ingestion or bathing improves dermatitis symptoms and allergic skin responses by reducing the inflammatory cell infiltration, and inhibiting the upregulation of IgE, histamine, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum [7,8]. DSW intake has been shown to delay cataract development by decreasing nitric oxide levels in the lens of the shumiya cataract rat [9,10]. These data suggest that DSW may be helpful in the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress- and inflammation-related diseases
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