Deep reinforcement learning approach to estimate the energy-mix proportion for secure operation of converter-dominated power system

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The dynamic evolution of the modern energy landscape has forced the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into power generation, catalyzing a paradigm shift towards converter-dominated power systems. This paper addresses the imperative challenge of optimizing power-generating technologies within these complex systems to ensure both stability and sustainability. The underlying issue lies in effectively managing the energy-mix proportion—balancing the total electricity generated with the overall system load—while accounting for the intermittent nature of RESs. Motivated by the insistent need for adaptive and efficient power system management, this paper presents a pioneering deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach within modern power system applications. Leveraging the Deep Q-Network (DQN) paradigm, the proposed methodology estimates the energy-mix proportion through a data-driven lens. By integrating MATLAB/Simulink and Python libraries, offline training and online testing validate the approach's applicability in real-world scenarios. Results from comprehensive experiments on an IEEE-9 bus system underscore the efficacy of the DRL-based framework. Notably, the online short circuit level (SCL) emerges as a robust indicator of power system security, a significant innovation in stability assessment. The model demonstrates remarkable responsiveness to load fluctuations, optimizing energy generation and respecting operational constraints. Furthermore, the adaptability of grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) converters is showcased, highlighting their resilience in converter-dominated power systems. The study offers a promising avenue for future research and underscores the potential of DRL in power system optimization and operation for a sustainable energy future.