Deep Q Network Based on a Fractional Political–Smart Flower Optimization Algorithm for Real-World Object Recognition in Federated Learning

Abstract

An imperative application of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques is visual object detection, and the methods of visual object detection available currently need highly equipped datasets preserved in a centralized unit. This usually results in high transmission and large storage overheads. Federated learning (FL) is an eminent machine learning technique to overcome such limitations, and this enables users to train a model together by processing the data in the local devices. In each round, each local device performs processing independently and updates the weights to the global model, which is the server. After that, the weights are aggregated and updated to the local model. In this research, an innovative framework is designed for real-world object recognition in FL using a proposed Deep Q Network (DQN) based on a Fractional Political–Smart Flower Optimization Algorithm (FP-SFOA). In the training model, object detection is performed by employing SegNet, and this classifier is effectively tuned based on the Political–Smart Flower Optimization Algorithm (PSFOA). Moreover, object recognition is performed based on the DQN, and the biases of the classifier are finely optimized based on the FP-SFOA, which is a hybridization of the Fractional Calculus (FC) concept with a Political Optimizer (PO) and a Smart Flower Optimization Algorithm (SFOA). Finally, the aggregation at the global model is accomplished using the Conditional Autoregressive Value at Risk by Regression Quantiles (CAViaRs) model. The designed FP-SFOA obtained a maximum accuracy of 0.950, minimum loss function of 0.104, minimum MSE of 0.122, minimum RMSE of 0.035, minimum FPR of 0.140, maximum average precision of 0.909, and minimum communication cost of 0.078. The proposed model obtained the highest accuracy of 0.950, which is a 14.11%, 6.42%, 7.37%, and 5.68% improvement compared to the existing methods.