Deep Learning Identifies High-Quality Fundus Photographs and Increases Accuracy in Automated Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Detection.

Abstract

To develop and evaluate a deep learning (DL) model to assess fundus photograph quality, and quantitatively measure its impact on automated POAG detection in independent study populations. Image quality ground truth was determined by manual review of 2815 fundus photographs of healthy and POAG eyes from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study and African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study (DIGS/ADAGES), as well as 11,350 from the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS). Human experts assessed a photograph as high quality if of sufficient quality to determine POAG status and poor quality if not. A DL quality model was trained on photographs from DIGS/ADAGES and tested on OHTS. The effect of DL quality assessment on DL POAG detection was measured using area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC). The DL quality model yielded an AUROC of 0.97 for differentiating between high- and low-quality photographs; qualitative human review affirmed high model performance. Diagnostic accuracy of the DL POAG model was significantly greater (P < 0.001) in good (AUROC, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.80-0.92) compared with poor quality photographs (AUROC, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.67-0.88). The DL quality model was able to accurately assess fundus photograph quality. Using automated quality assessment to filter out low-quality photographs increased the accuracy of a DL POAG detection model. Incorporating DL quality assessment into automated review of fundus photographs can help to decrease the burden of manual review and improve accuracy for automated DL POAG detection.