Abstract
Having a trusted and useful system that helps to diminish the risk of medical errors and facilitate the improvement of quality in the medical education is indispensable. Thousands of surgical errors are occurred annually with high adverse event rate, despite inordinate number of devised patients safety initiatives. Inadvertently or otherwise, surgeons play a critical role in the aforementioned errors. Training surgeons is one of the most crucial and delicate parts of medical education and needs more attention due to its practical intrinsic. In contrast to engineering, dealing with mortal alive creatures provides a minuscule chance of trial and error for trainees. Training in operative rooms, on the other hand, is extremely expensive in terms of not only equipment but also hiring professional trainers. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused to establish initiatives such as social distancing in order to mitigate the rate of outbreak. This leads surgeons to postpone some non-urgent surgeries or operate with restrictions in terms of safety. Subsequently, educational systems are affected by the limitations due to the pandemic. Skill transfer systems in cooperation with a virtual training environment is thought as a solution to address aforesaid issues. This enables not only novice surgeons to enrich their proficiency but also helps expert surgeons to be supervised during the operation. This paper focuses on devising a solution based on deep leaning algorithms to model the behavior of experts during the operation. In other words, the proposed solution is a skill transfer method that learns professional demonstrations using different effective factors from the body of experts. The trained model then provides a real-time haptic guidance signal for either instructing trainees or supervising expert surgeons. A simulation is utilized to emulate an operating room for femur drilling surgery, which is a common invasive treatment for osteoporosis. This helps us with both collecting the essential data and assessing the obtained models. Experimental results show that the proposed method is capable of emitting guidance force haptic signal with an acceptable error rate.
Highlights
Lack of having an appropriate medical training system may cause errors with adverse effects on patients
The practical intrinsic of medical education systems has led expert surgeons to transfer their skill to trainees via trial and error methods in the actual operating rooms
The target of this section is preparing the data, which has been captured in section 2.2 for training models as well as assessing the performance of the DHG in predicting haptic force feedback
Summary
Lack of having an appropriate medical training system may cause errors with adverse effects on patients. The practical intrinsic of medical education systems has led expert surgeons to transfer their skill to trainees via trial and error methods in the actual operating rooms. Novice surgeons have a minuscule chance of the repetition for improving their proficiency during the operation. Deep Surgical Skills Transfer young surgeons require to be more proficient. On the one hand, achieving hands-on skills in an actual operation room is a tedious and time-consuming process. The National Health Service (NHS) has recommended a restriction in working hours for trainees (from 30,000 working hours to around 7,000 h) to increase the effective time of expert surgeons as well as improve the outcome of surgeries (Tan and Sarker, 2011). The aforementioned limitations accentuate the importance of having a proper educational system for surgeons other than the traditional methods
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