Abstract
Fuel cell-based hybrid electric vehicles are one of the most promising options to achieve zero-emission city buses. Efficient Energy Management (EM) plays a critical role to make such buses more efficient and practical. In this research, an available all-electric bus consisting of fuel cell (FC) and battery is considered and the efficiency of adding a Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system to it is assessed. The proposed WPT system is only capable to receive energy in bus stations and use it to supply loads or charge the battery. To this end, the actual data of a city bus, its route and load profile were collected and utilized to ensure a realistic assessment. A full mathematical model of the energy system as well as the constraints governing the management issue is extracted and a Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) method is used to optimally manage the energy flows for the entire journey. All models are implemented in MATLAB software and the efficiency of the proposed system is investigated from economic and technical aspects. The results illustrate a high efficiency for the proposed WPT technique to be used in actual all-electric city buses.
Highlights
By considering the environmental and natural resource laws, hybrid energy systems based on fuel cell (FC) and batteries take advantage of their zero emissions, high-range navigation and reliable performance that have been regard as one of the most promising alternatives for the fossil fuel engines in the public transportation [1]
A hybrid energy system based on FC, battery and Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) would have a noticeable ability to offer a high-range of driving with an optimal weight and volume, and acceptable dynamic response for city buses
As it has been told that, the Energy Management (EM) is seen in second form for a 2 hour journey which include of 1 hour and 18 minutes of
Summary
By considering the environmental and natural resource laws, hybrid energy systems based on FCs and batteries take advantage of their zero emissions, high-range navigation and reliable performance that have been regard as one of the most promising alternatives for the fossil fuel engines in the public transportation [1]. The hybrid electric vehicles’ costeffectiveness, reliability, performance and navigation range are highly reliant on the selection and sizing, integration, and management of the power resources [2]. In this regard, diverse energy system structures have been employed in the way of city buses electrification in the previous researches. Based on the proposed all-electric energy systems and their performance, buses with only batteries as their own energy sources suffer from the low-range of navigation [9]. A hybrid energy system based on FC, battery and WPT would have a noticeable ability to offer a high-range of driving with an optimal weight and volume, and acceptable dynamic response for city buses
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