Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), promising green solvents, and ultrahigh pressure extraction (UPE) as an effective auxiliary extraction method, have attracted wide attention. In this study, DES was coupled with UPE to efficiently extract baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. First, choline chloride: lactic acid (ChCl-LA, molar ratio 1:1) was selected as the most appropriate DES by comparing the extraction yield of different DESs. Second, the extraction protocol was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) considering the impacts of ChCl-LA concentration, extraction pressure, extraction time and liquid-solid ratio on the extraction yield. Under the optimal condition (40 vol% water content, extraction pressure of 400 MPa, extraction time of 4 min and a liquid-solid ratio of 110 mL/g), a maximum yield of 116.8 mg/g was achieved, higher than that obtained by the traditional extraction method. The microstructure of the raw and extracted Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi samples according to scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that the dissolution of chemical components was enhanced from the disrupted root tissues after DESs-UPE. DESs coupled with UPE could effectively extract the baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi as a rapid and efficient extraction method.
Highlights
Ultrahigh pressure extraction (UPE) has many advantages, such as shorter processing times, higher extraction yields, lower power consumption, and less impurities in the extraction liquid [1].As such UPE has been widely used in the casting industry, pharmaceutics, metallurgy, plastic making, civil engineering, and food industry
UPE has been used for the extraction of catechins from green tea [3], phenolic compounds from longan fruit pericarp [4], lycopene from tomato paste waste [5], anthocyanins from grape skins [6], flavones and salidroside from Rhodiola sachalinensis [7], β-carotene from Dunaliella salina [8], 2-α-hydroxyursolic acid from crape myrtle leaf [9]
In order to study the effect of different extraction methods on the microstructure of Scutellaria baicalensis, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the raw and extracted Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi samples (Figure 3)
Summary
Ultrahigh pressure extraction (UPE) has many advantages, such as shorter processing times, higher extraction yields, lower power consumption, and less impurities in the extraction liquid [1]. Molecules 2018, 23, 3233 many advantages, e.g., biodegradability, low toxicity [10], easy preparation [11], and other novel properties [12,13,14] Because of these great properties, DESs have been extensively used to extract active ingredients from plants, such as the extraction of anthocyanins from Catharanthus roseus [15], hydrophilic and hydrophobic components from Radix salvia miltiorrhizae [16], bioactive flavonoids from. Baicalin is mainly extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi using traditional methods, such as hot reflux-assisted extraction (HRAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) [27,28,29,30] These traditional extraction methods consume a great amount of organic solvents, take a long time, and have adverse effects on the environment. A comparative study with traditional extraction methods (e.g., HRAE, MAE) along with sample microstructure visualization using SEM were conducted to confirm the superiority of the DESs-UPE method
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