Abstract
Deep eutectic solvent micro-functionalized graphene (DES-G) was synthesized and first applied as the adsorbent of dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (DMSPE) to extract five pyrethroid insecticides. In DMSPE, the target analytes were absorbed by DES-G and then desorbed by trace eluent, next, the treated samples were quantified via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography equipped with diode-array detection. A scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer were used to characterize the prepared DES-G. Furthermore, this method was verified under the selected conditions with the precision for retention times ranging from 0.43 to 0.57%, and repeatability ranged from 0.04 to 2.41% for peak areas. The developed method was successfully applied to determine pyrethroid insecticides residues in beebread, Curcuma wenyujin and Dendrobium officinale with the recoveries in the range of 80.9–114.1%.
Highlights
Graphene, similar to graphite, C60 and carbon nanotubes in chemical structure composed of sp2 hybrid carbon atoms, is a new carbon nanomaterial
In order to explore the influence of deep eutectic solvent (DES) on the morphology, composition and internal structure of graphene, several samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
The loose stacking of functionalized graphenes, a structural deformation caused by the modification of DES, contributed to the dispersion of graphene in water and improved the stability of graphene in the aqueous phase (Hayyan et al, 2015)
Summary
Similar to graphite, C60 and carbon nanotubes in chemical structure composed of sp hybrid carbon atoms, is a new carbon nanomaterial. It contains a two-dimensional (2D) single layer carbon sheet structure stacked by hexagonal honeycomb lattices (Liu et al, 2012). A variety of materials have been used to functionally modify graphene, such as polyoxometalates (Camille and Bandosz, 2009; Zhou and Han, 2010), organic diazonium salts (Englert et al, 2011), poly (oxyalkylene) amines (Hsiao et al, 2010), ionic liquids (ILs) (Zhao et al, 2014), deep eutectic solvent (DES) and so on. DES, a new green solvent, is a two-component or three-component eutectic mixture consisting of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) and hydrogen bond donors (HBD) in a suitable stoichiometric
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